Analysis Of William Shakespeare s The Of Hamlet

There is an enormous diversity of speculation on the cause(s) of Hamlet’s delay. The majority of those advancing their disparate theories should nonetheless be able to agree on one common conclusion: whatever the cause or causes may be for delaying the justice that is Denmark’s due, the results of that delay lead to a disastrous failure by Hamlet. He finds himself banished and bewildered on the cold sea shore. (THESIS) This essay will support a proposal by Harley Granville Barker in his â€Å"Preface To Hamlet,† that suggests this moment in Act IV, iv is where Hamlet reconstructs his own philosophy based on his contemplation of Fortinbras’ war. The quote contends that Hamlet’s self comparison with Fortinbras is a new experience, that Hamlet has lost all hope of success and that this combination of the unexpected and Hamlet’s very defeat make possible a transcendent growth in Hamlet. This essay will employ Formalist Criticism. Each of Barkerâ €™s assertions will be explored by a close reading of an example of his theses from the play. These examples will be thoroughly explicated. Where appropriate the discussion will include stylistic analysis and comments on prosody. Hamlet questions Fortinbras’ Captain and learns of a young prince who is his own peer in age, if not aspiration. Fortinbras is one of the three vengeful sons whose fathers’ murders require a response. Laertes’ will become the cause of Hamlet’s death. Fortinbras will be the cause of Hamlet’s rebirth. Hamlet is stunned toShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet : A Critical Analysis1511 Words   |  7 Pages William Shakespeare s Hamlet: A Critical Analysis of Act V Regarded widely as an immutable element of classical literature, Shakespeare s Hamlet broke the proverbial bindings of dramatic convention in its time and hitherto continues to provoke careful consideration of the dramatic issues explored therein. As varied as they are extreme, the themes that Shakespeare s Hamlet explore continue to spur intense debate due to the ambiguity of dramatic elements present in-throughoutRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Hamlet By William Shakespeare1259 Words   |  6 Pages In Hamlet by William Shakespeare, human agency is demonstrated by the actions of Polonius and Claudius throughout the play. Human agency is defined as the extent of power to act freely in taking responsibility for one’s actions, and the degree which intervention is possible by one to assert a will. In Hamlet, Claudius exerts his agency on the characters Laertes, and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Similarly, Polonius restricts the freedom of his daughter, Ophelia, and constrains her agency as wellRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Hamlet1385 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the three major themes of William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is that of the gulf between what appears to be and what something is in reality: in other words, to distinguish between what is fake interpretation from what they truly are. There is a degree of deceit, lies, deception cloaked by a perception of honesty within the play; we will refer to this concept as â€Å"the mask.† The theme of pe rception vs reality is so woodenly interlaced into the play due to the idea that most of the central charactersRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Hamlet 903 Words   |  4 Pagesdriven to when being wrong for something that he or she didn’t commit. It is based on the old saying ‘an eye for an eye principle’ and isn’t the best way to deal with conflicts, especially when it involves family members. In William Shakespeare’s play â€Å"Hamlet†, Laertes, Hamlet, and the younger Fortinbras all had thoughts of vengeance for the deaths of their fathers. Although they acted on their emotions, but their methods of doing so was entirely different. Because of this, only one out of theRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Hamlet 952 Words   |  4 PagesTitle Here Madness is a central theme in Hamlet by William Shakespeare. Hamlet’s â€Å"antique disposition† (1.5) is used as a tool of manipulation. He acts mad in order to gain the upper hand over his enemies; he makes them believe his mind is elsewhere to distract them from his long-term goal of avenging his father with Claudius’s death. Hamlet’s portrayal of madness varies depending on which character he interacts with; with Polonius, he focuses on wordplay to make him seem outside of the situationRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Hamlet 1174 Words   |  5 Pagesown child. 2. Hamlet s behavior is likely part of his plan to put an antic character on. He knows that by acting crazy around someone who knows him well, he will be able to establish his act. In her report of his behavior she explains that everything about Hamlet s behavior was completely different from his normal self. First of all, he never actually spoke a word, but instead just looked at her in a kind odd, intense way. He holds her hard and shakes her a little bit. Hamlet was disorderedRead MoreAnalysis Of Hamlet s Sanity By William Shakespeare1154 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of Hamlet’s Sanity Throughout Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, we questioned Hamlet’s sanity. Did Hamlet have a mental illness or was it all an act? Was he really that great of an actor or was he really losing his mind slowly? Did Hamlet father’s death caused his insanity or was it his motivation? One part of the play, you would think he is not insane, and has out smarted everyone. Then in others scenes, you would think he had completely lost it. He often toyed with the idea of killing himselfRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Hamlet And Macbeth 1854 Words   |  8 PagesThe work of William Shakespeare is, to many, the purest representation of theatricality there is. He is the most instantly and internationally recognizable playwright, and so works like Hamlet and Macbeth have come to be seen as staples of the dramatic genre, expected to be studied and performed, with critical acclaim, on a massive scale. However, as with so many forms of art, Shakespeare s work was not neces sarily appreciated as such in his own time, specifically by certain critics of the theatreRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet s Revenge1725 Words   |  7 Pages Thesis: Shakespeare s portrayal of Hamlet s revenge is not a worthy journey because he never finds his self worth, distracted between what will exemplify his purpose, and what will make him a failure in the memory of Denmark. Three quotes with analysis explaining thesis: Act 1 Scene 5 Ghost: â€Å" But know, thou noble youth, Hamlet: â€Å"Oh My Prophetic Soul! My uncle?† The serpent that did sting thy father’s life Now wears his crown.† The beginning of the â€Å"call to adventure -JRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Hamlet 959 Words   |  4 Pagesnot to â€Å"x† (An analysis of Hamlet s Soliloquy To Be or Not to Be) There are many outstanding stories that have been written by the one and only William Shakespeare, in which a soliloquy of a character is very compelling. The play Hamlet by William Shakespeare is a story in which a man kills his own brother and then marries the wife of his brother and takes the throne while he is at it. There are many secrets and no one knows that the original king was killed by his brother. Hamlet is then told by

Generation View Of Reality Essay - 1285 Words

Generation’s View of Reality Ben Stiller’s 1994 film, Reality Bites, portrays the broad based struggles of America’s twentysomethings through a lighthearted glimpse into the lives of the movie’s main characters. Four friends, recently graduated from college, find themselves over-educated and under-employed, a theme reiterated in the lives of many Generation Xers according to critic Marilyn Gardner. She states, â€Å"unemployment is higher for those under 25 then it is for the workforce as a whole.† (pg. 14, col. 1) Though Reality Bites bills itself as â€Å"a comedy about love in the 90s,† the film is more of a commentary on the issues facing young adults today (Kempley, Sec. C., pg 7). The central theme concerning†¦show more content†¦Michael is a producer for In Your Face Television, a spoof on MTV, the channel of choice for our generation. Though Michael is young enough to be included in Generation X, his ideals revolve around possessions as a measure of success, something no authentic member of Generation X would tolerate. Somewhere in the middle is Lalaina, a strange mixture of the two. She is the valedictorian of her graduating class and is briefly employed by a television talk show as an intern-like production assistant until she is fired. In her valedictory address, she condemns the BMW driving older generation of her parents who have left a lack of employment and natural resources for her and her peers. Ironically, her graduation gift from her father is a used BMW, which she concedes to drive until she can afford an inexpensive car of her own. Lalaina’s unemployment leads her to look for jobs where she is inexperienced (working as a news journalist) to over-qualified (flipping burgers at Burgerama), none of which are fruitful. Lalaina then becomes a slacker herself by eating chips and chain smoking in her pajamas for hours a day. The social issues facing the characters in the film are what differentiates Reality Bites from other so-called generational flicks such as Rebel Without a Cause, The Graduate, and The Big Chill. In one of the opening montages, Vicky (Jeanne Garafalo) is shownShow MoreRelatedHow is technology affecting the younger generations perceptions of morality and the world?1399 Words   |  6 PagesHow is technology affecting the younger generations perceptions of morality and the world? The advent of the internet signaled a revolutionary shift for society, in which participation in massive amounts of information was easily and rapidly accessible to any connected country. This digital revolution gave rise to monolithic digital communities that dominate the web and strongly influence the globe; Twitter helped Belarusian youth organize flash-protests against their authoritarian governmentRead MoreThe Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock986 Words   |  4 PagesPrufrock displays his fears of the changes brought with the younger generation, and isolation from the changing society. The speaker in Dover Beach, utilizes symbols, metaphors, and similes to state that the younger generation has less faith than the older, and society must regain faith to stop the world from fighting. The younger generation needs to bridge the generation gap and remember to value and include the older generation, as they still can help the younger. If they do, they can stop the chaosRead MoreDistinc tive Voices Essay Plan1398 Words   |  6 PagesInteresting views on society are conveyed through distinctive voices. Question: Interesting views on society are conveyed through distinctive voices. People in society can have interesting views on issues around the world, these views on society are best conveyed through distinctive voices as it evokes feelings from the listener and allows them to relate to the situation through their own personal experiences. People in society can have interesting views on issues around the world, these views on societyRead MoreFamily Therapy Theory Integration Paper1372 Words   |  6 PagesImmigrants accounted for 13 percent of the total 316 million U.S. residents and adding the U.S.-born children of immigrants means that approximately 80 million people, or one-quarter of the overall U.S. population, is either of the first or second generation (Zong, Batalova). This population’s counseling needs vary from those of the general population due to acculturation issues, gender role differences and discrimination problems. Counselors who specialize in serving various populationsRead MoreThe Scientific Revolution, By Owen Barfield999 Words   |  4 Pagesby preceding generations. Fortunately, English philosopher Owen Barfield’s Saving the Appearances transcends temporally restricted notions of reality, and this novel serves as a template by which we begin to comprehend the potential for consciousness as reality’s impetus, and through which individual consciousness acts to create reality. With this in mind, New Age philosophers such as physician Deepak Chopra advocate consciousness precedes matter’s presence in the chronology of reality. ComparativelyRead MoreAdvertising : The Emerging Generation1528 Words   |  7 PagesIn the emerging generation, advertisements have been dominating the generation like never before. It has developed a threat that arises, and affects privacy, and how certain ads are portrayed. This is based on the fact that advertisements have developed strategies to tailor the ads accordingly. This enables advertisers to send ads, regarding restaurants and movie theaters. These ads, continue to further take advantage of information, and the ways that customers view ads. As advertisers, become enabledRead MoreThe Scientific Revolution, By Owen Barfield s Saving The Appearances Transcends Temporal Reality Essay984 Words   |  4 Pagespreceding generations. Fortunately, English philosopher Owen Barfield’s Saving the Appearances transcends temporal reality, bridging 1965 and 2015, while his novel serves as a template through which we begin to comprehend the potential of consciousness as reality’s impetus and how, by way of individual consciousness, we act to create reality. Keeping this in mind, New Age philosophers such as physician Deepak Chopra advocate that consciousness precedes matter’s presence in the chronology of reality. SimilarlyRead MoreReality As The Product Of Human Consciousness1004 Words   |  5 PagesPART THREE – REALITY REALITY AS THE PRODUCT OF HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS Since the Scientific Revolution, humanity has adhered to a supposedly reasonable rationalist philosophy—characterized by a preference for reasoning over experience—which inevitably arises in impersonal fields such as the sciences. Although science avoids preternatural speculation on principle, quantum theory’s implications alter the fundamental way in which we understand what is at a quantum level, and such a revelation transcendsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Dog By Lawrence Ferlinghetti1584 Words   |  7 Pagesgives an in depth view of the term â€Å"Beat† from the emerging â€Å"Beat Generation† of the 1950s. Qualities of the post-World War II Beat culture include obscene and defiant behaviors in addition to an environment paved with drugs and poverty. One of the stories that best portrays the central elements of the Beat culture is the story of Sal Paradise and Dean Moriarty in On the Road by Jack Kerouac. In fact, Jack Kerouac is the writer who was the first to coin the term â€Å"Beat Generation.† In the story, SalRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Television1511 Words   |  7 PagesReality TV is defined as television programs in which real people are continuously filmed, designed to be entertaining rather than informative.(Dictionary) As we all know, in today s world we are presented with numerous Reality TV Show such as Keeping up With the Kardashians, Basket wives and The Real Housewives of Miami. These shows give a false message to their viewers of what is reality and what is purely entertainment. Many reality programs create an artificial environment for the show that

Marjane Satrapis Persepolis Essay Example For Students

Marjane Satrapis Persepolis Essay In the 1970s a great power struggle began in Iran, leading to a profusion of civil unrest and mass emigration. In 1941 Iranian monarch Reza Shah, was removed from power by the United States and replaced by his son, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, who Westernized the highly conservative and religious nation. He continued implementing the Westernized laws set by his father, which were known to discouraged democratic political expression in the public sphere and condemned Islamic fundamentalism (Khosrokhavar 3). The largely conservative citizens of Iran protested the alterations in multiple movements in response to the westernization, financial failures, and perceived belief that the Shah was being controlled by Western powers for control over Irans vast oil supply. January of 1979, the Shah went into exile in Egypt and the devoted Muslim leader Ayatollah Khomeini assumed power, reinstalling the strict, Islamic law; The Constitution allows all laws to be revised . by an Assembly of Expert, which is dominated by conservative clergymen (Khatami 122) . In 1980, Iraqi troops invaded Iran in hopes of capturing the oil- rich country amidst the Revolutionary turmoil, further contributing to Iranian emigration to European countries. The Iran Iraq War continued until 1988. The mass exodus resulted in the forced dispersal, immigration, displacement and establishment of reconfigured transnational communities, now known as the Iranian diaspora (Agnew 19).Such abrupt uprooting of a citizens identity and physical connection to their homeland leads to a conflicting sense of identity and belonging in individuals who are involved in the sudden transition. As a member of the Iranian diaspora, Marjane Satrapi endured many h. .2010. N. pag. Print.Parsa, Misagh. Social Origins of the Iranian Revolution. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1989. Print. Safizadeh, Fereydoun, Persis M. Karim, and Mohammad M. Khorrami. A World Between: Poems, Short Stories, and Essays by Iranian Americans. New York: George Braziller, 1999. Print. Satrapi, Marjane. On Writing Persepolis.†. Pantheon Graphic Novels 1 (2005). Satrapi, Marjane, and Marjane Satrapi. The Complete Persepolis. New York: Pantheon, 2007. Print. Salehi, M. M. Insurgency through Culture and Religion: The Islamic Revolution of Iran. New York: Praeger, 1988. Print. Diaz 13 Shavarini, Mitra K. Desert Roots: Journey of an Iranian Immigrant Family. El Paso, TX: LFB Scholarly Pub., 2012. Print. Talebi, Shahla, and Su?da?bah Ardava?n. Ghosts of Revolution: Rekindled Memories of Imprisonment in Iran. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 2011. Print.

Ivan The Terrible Essays (563 words) - Rurik Dynasty, Rurikids

Ivan The Terrible Ivan the Terrible Ivan the Terrible was a cruel tyrant, who never knew the meaning of moderation; He drank too much, laughed too loudly and hated and loved too fiercely. And he never forgot anything. Ivan was definitely smart and despite his cruelty, his reign is known as one of the greatest rules in Russian history. In Russia Ivan was called Grozny, which has always been translated to the terrible, but actually means the awesome. Born in 1530, Ivan was only three when he inherited the Russian throne following his father's death. At the age of seven, tragedy struck again when nobles of his court poisoned his mother. By his early teens, he was already displaying some of his uglier traits. He would throw live animals from towers and appeared to derive pleasure from doing so. Ivan was crowned Russia's first Tsar at the age of 17. Three weeks later he married, having chosen his bride in a national virgin competition. Virgins over the age of twelve were brought to the Kremlin to be paraded before him. He chose Anastasia, the daughter of a minor noble, and their marriage proved to be a very close one. Ivan had huge ambitions for his new Imperial dynasty. He launched a holy war against Russia's traditional enemy, the Tartars. Showing no mercy to these Muslim people Ivan's conquest of Kazan, and later Astrakhan and Siberia, gave birth to a sixteenth century personality cult glorifying him as the Orthodox crusader. His wife Anastasia helped to hold his cruelty back but in 1560 she died. He accused his nobles of poisoning her, and became even more mentally unstable. Recent studies have shown that there was over ten times the normal amount of mercury in her hair showing that she was murdered. He set up a bodyguard that has been described as Russia's first 'secret police' (the Oprichniki) as a religious brotherhood sworn to protecting God's Tsar. In reality, they became marauding thugs, ready to commit any crime in the Tsar's name. Ivan sentenced thousands to internal exile in far off parts of the empire. Others were condemned to death their families and servants often killed as well. Ivan would give detailed orders about the executions, using biblically inspired tortures to reconstruct the sufferings of hell. More than 3,000 people were killed in Ivan's attack on Novgorod during Livonian War. In a fit of rage, Ivan struck his son and heir dead with his staff. Mad with sorrow and guilt, he had a dramatic volte face, posthumously forgiving all those he'd executed and paying for prayers to be said for their souls. Before his death, Ivan was re-christened as the monk Jonah and buried in his monk's habit. In the hope of finding ultimate forgiveness. After note Ivan's achievements were many. He forced Russia into Europe. The prolonged and unsuccessful Livonian War overextended the state's resources and helped bring Russia to the verge of economic collapse. These factors, together with Tatar incursions, resulted in the depopulation of a number of Russian provinces by the time of Ivan's death in 1584. Nevertheless, he left Russia far more centralized both administratively and culturally than it had been previously. Ivan encouraged Russia's cultural development, especially through printing. He himself wrote well, most his surviving writings are mainly political, his choice of words and his biting sarcasm were very unprofessional. Biographies

Propaganda Maps

Propaganda Maps All maps are designed with a purpose; whether to aid in navigation, accompany a news article, or display data. Some maps, however, are designed to be particularly persuasive. Like other forms of propaganda, cartographic propaganda attempts to mobilize viewers for a purpose. Geopolitical maps are the most explicit examples of cartographic propaganda, and throughout history have been utilized to garner support for various causes. Propaganda Maps in Global Conflicts This map from the film depicts the Axis powers plan to conquer the world. In maps such as the aforementioned propaganda map, authors express specific feelings on a topic, creating maps that are meant not just to describe information, but also to interpret it. These maps are often not made with the same scientific or design procedures as other maps; labels, precise outlines of bodies of land and water, legends, and other formal map elements may be disregarded in favor of a map that speaks for itself. As the above image shows, these maps favor graphic symbols that are embedded with meaning. Propaganda maps gained momentum under Nazism and Fascism, as well. There are many examples of Nazi propaganda maps that were intended to glorify Germany, justify territorial expansion, and decrease support for the U.S., France, and Britain (see examples of Nazi propaganda maps at the German Propaganda Archive). During the Cold War, maps were produced in order to magnify the threat of the Soviet Union and communism. A recurrent trait in propaganda maps is the ability to portray certain regions as big and menacing, and other regions as small and threatened. Many Cold War maps enhanced the size of the Soviet Union, which magnified the threat of communisms influence. This occurred in a map titled Communist Contagion, which was published in a 1946 edition of Time Magazine. By coloring the Soviet Union in bright red, the map further enhanced the message that communism was spreading like a disease. Mapmakers utilized misleading map projections to their advantage in the Cold War as well. The Mercator Projection, which distorts land areas, exaggerated the size of the Soviet Union. (This map projection website shows different projections and their effect on the portrayal of the USSR and its allies). Propaganda Maps Today choropleth map maps The maps on this site show how political maps can mislead today. One map shows the results of the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election, with blue or red indicating if a state voted majority for the Democratic candidate, Barack Obama, or the Republican candidate, John McCain. From this map there appears to be more red then blue, indicating that the popular vote went Republican. However, the Democrats decidedly won the popular vote and the election, because the population sizes of the blue states are much higher than those of the red states. To correct for this data issue, Mark Newman at the University of Michigan created a Cartogram; a map that scales the state size to its population size. While not preserving the actual size of each state, the map shows a more accurate blue-red ratio, and better portrays the 2008 election results. Propaganda maps have been prevalent in the 20th century in global conflicts when one side wants to mobilize support for its cause. It is not only in conflicts that political bodies utilize persuasive mapmaking however; there are many other situations in which it benefits a country to portray another country or region in a particular light. For example, it has benefited colonial powers to use maps to legitimize territorial conquest and social/economic imperialism. Maps are also powerful tools to garner nationalism in ones own country by graphically portraying a countrys values and ideals. Ultimately, these examples tell us that maps are not neutral images; they can be dynamic and persuasive, used for political gain. References: Boria, E. (2008). Geopolitical Maps: A Sketch History of a Neglected Trend in Cartography. Geopolitics, 13(2), 278-308. Monmonier, Mark. (1991). How to Lie with Maps. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Fake Flesh Recipe for Costumes and Decorations

Fake Flesh Recipe for Costumes and Decorations Use common kitchen ingredients to make non-toxic fake flesh or organs for Halloween and scary parties. Its a variation of a common slime recipe and has viscoelastic properties, so youll incorporate science into your decorations. Fake Flesh Ingredients 2 tablespoons corn starch4 teaspoons water2-5 drops red food coloring1/2 teaspoon cocoa mix (with marshmallows or without) How to Make Mix together the cornstarch, food coloring, and water in a bowl.After you have a smooth consistency, mix in the cocoa powder. Its okay if the cocoa forms little clumps (theyll look like blood clots).Use your fingers to press the mixture against the side of the bowl to form shapes. If you use your hands, youll get crumbly edges, so a mold (the bowl) is best for a smooth effect. You may wish to mix in a little more cornstarch or cocoa mix to firm up or darken your organs. Gruesome Tips and Tricks Mix in tiny bits of gelatin if you want a fatty appearance. Drizzle fake blood over the flesh as desired for extra gore. You can stick fake flesh and organs onto objects, clothing, or flesh using syrup or corn starch. The recipe actually tastes okay, so you can eat it for effect! Recipe Variations If you microwave this recipe, youll get rubbery flesh that wont fall apart when you put it in water. If you want a more flavorful flesh, use unsweetened cherry or berry drink mix instead of food coloring and cocoa. You could use the sweetened version, too, but the resulting flesh might be sticky.

Fascebook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fascebook - Essay Example In other cases like Zuckerberg’s, where leadership seems to be more authentically connected to team rather than personal goals, the groups tend to work more effectively and move together towards goals more saliently. This can be related to rational systems theory, when aligned with these theories of leadership. â€Å"While focusing on the growth of the user base, Facebook also paid close attention to the revenue side of the business. The company had several sources of income: direct brand sales, online sales, working with the top 200 advertisers in the USA, etc† (Facebook, 2010). At Facebook, Zuckerberg shows how effective leadership is perhaps the most important factor in creating successful partnerships. True leaders are able to motivate and provide vision while still subscribing to a basic pattern of teamwork and support that engenders an atmosphere of trust and mutual respect. Too often leaders are more interested in leading than in providing fundamental solutions to the problems at hand. In today’s dynamic society, leaders are also increasingly adhering to a pattern that accepts change, rather than stability, as the standard. This creates an environment in which dynamism is supported and can lead to new creative solutions. It is sometimes easy for a business or corporation to accept its position as the status quo without realizing that the world has a habit of changing very quickly, as today’s giants can become tomorrow’s vacant office blocks. Therefore, effective leaders must see the change inherent in the outside environment and p roject it inwardly to adhere to the vision of their organization and supply real-world solutions to the problems at hand. â€Å"Communications processes both internally with employees and externally with customers are integral parts of a system†¦ while some advocates of systems analysis were suggesting that managers look at inputs, transformation processes and outputs,

The Big Weight Dilemma Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Big Weight Dilemma - Term Paper Example A person is considered obese when the BMI measurement is 30 or more (Solomon, Berg and Martin, 2004, p. 892). Obesity is an acute case of malnutrition. And that it occurs when there is an increase in the size of fat cells or when there is an increase in the number of fat cells, or both. (Salomon, Berg and Martin, p. 892) There are numerous scholarly work and medical research that explain the causes and dynamics behind the problem. For instance, some studies suggest how obesity can be genetically inherited. However, the most widely recognized cause is primarily overeating and the sheer amount of fatty food intake that accumulates during childhood and in many cases until the adult life. There are also experts who point to the role played by social and lifestyle factors because of the patterns of food consumption and the physical activity level prevalent in a particular society. (Mooney, Knox and Schacht, 2010, p. 41). This is the reason why obesity is most pronounced in affluent countr ies. In lower income countries, the incidence of obesity is concentrated in urban areas and in people belonging to higher class (UK 2004, p. 48). Health Risk Obesity is a health problem and it is a cause of concern. This is because this health condition increases the risk for several illnesses such as diabetes, several types of cancer, heart disease, hypertension, arthritis, asthma and other health problems. The World Health Organization reported that it is included in the top 19 health problems and that it contributes to about 300,000 deaths annually in the United States alone (Salomon, Berg and Martin, p. 892). A recent study suggested that obesity will shorten the average life expectancy of people by at least two to five years over the next fifty years, reversing the mostly steady increase in life expectancy that has occurred over the past two centuries (Money, Knox and Schacht, p. 40). Now these are disturbing because statistics depict an increasing trend in America. The latest figures released by the government show that more than 66 percent of American adults age 20 and older are overweight and 32 percent are obese (Hoeger and Hoeger, 2009, p. 149). From 2007 to 2008, it was revealed that at least 17 percent of the US children and adolescents are obese, which is roughly 12.5 million: 10.4 percent of 2-5 year-olds, 19.6 percent of 6-11 year-olds and 18.1 of 12-19 year-olds (O’Dea and Eriksen, 2010, p. 86). In addition to the health risk factors, obesity can also take its toll on the healthcare spending in the United States. By 2018, it is estimated that the medical cost associated with obesity will rise to about $344 billion or about 22 percent of the gross domestic product of the United States. This variable is particularly important especially that the overall cost of health care today is increasingly becoming less accessible to people. Conclusion Having, clearly identified the cause for the high incidence of obesity in America, one could say tha t it is easy to design interventions and solutions in order to deal with the problem. However, experts do not see the trend getting reversed anytime soon. I thin this is because solutions entail lifestyle changes, which is difficult for people to undertake. Also, obesity is widely seen as merely an indirect precursor to many health problems that is why people are taking

Petition for Dropping Essay Example for Free

Petition for Dropping Essay Greetings!   I would like to request for â€Å"dropping† the following subjects: Ballet (year sect lab), Modern Dance (year sect lab), Music for Dancers (year sect lab), and Folk Guitar (year sect lab) due to circumstantial difficulties, time conflict and incompliance with the course requirements.   This year, I switched to BA program which does not require the course Ballet and Modern Dance. The aforementioned courses are not indicated in my plan of study and also taking both of them at the same time will be a huge risk on my part.   Before I entered the university, I have always been a dedicated gymnast. My ballet instructor, however, advised me to discontinue with gymnastics since it is not good in helping with my alignment and flexibility. Unfortunately, I found that putting a stop to my gymnastics class bodes mistake on my part since my ballet moves worsen and my flexibility and alignment rusticates. I have decided that I will revert to my gymnastics lesson outside school and stop with ballet. This is to comply with the demands of my instructor and to fulfill my needs as a long time gymnast.   Recently, I have incurred several absences due to an injury from my Modern Class which resulted to a bad back and hip joint. My absences also extend to other classes like Folk Guitar and Music Dances. Understand that the situation makes it difficult for me to cope up with the rest of the class for the said subjects. My time table is also aggravated by my part-time job and as such, I find it really difficult to attend to my classes since I must work for my schooling. Attached herewith is a copy of my change in program, physician’s certification, and job certification.   Hoping for your consideration regarding this issue.   Thank you very much. Yours sincerely, ___your name______ ___course, stud no.__

Setting in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Essay -- essays research pap

Ken Kesey’s â€Å"One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest† is a unique fiction novel about oppression and rebellion in an American 1950’s Mental Hospital. In this highly distinctive novel, setting definitely refers to the interior, the interiors of the Institution. It also refers to the period this novel this was set in, the 50’s, 60’s where McCarthyism was dominant. Furthermore, it has great symbolic value, representing issues such as the American struggle of freedom and conformity. This essay shall discuss the ‘setting’ & its significance towards Ken Kesey’s â€Å"One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest†. In the novel, setting is important towards the interiors, as the vast majority of the novel is set within the closed, confined space, the interior, of the mental institution. The Institution is there for â€Å"fixing up mistakes made in the neighbourhoods.† It is important as it is only in a confined space such as a mental institution, where Ken Kesey can achieve the dark, foggy atmosphere of conformity and oppression that the Big Nurse and the Combine exercises over all the patients of the Institution. The institution is a place under the strict control of Nurse Ratched, and it is only in the hospital where she can exercise her calculated control. The ‘interiors’ act as a microcosm of American society, as Dr Spivey says, the hospital is a â€Å"made-to-scale prototype of the big world. Through the Chief’s memories, we realise that the outside world is not much better, as we learn that Indian village...

Women Entrepreneurs

WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS: Women entrepreneurs may be defined as a woman or a group of women who initiate, organize and run a business enterprise. In terms of Schumpeterian concept of innovative entrepreneurs, women who innovate, initiate or adopt a business activity are called business entrepreneur. It is the group of women or single women running an enterprise or company in order to earn profit. Now days because of  Ã‚   women empowerment women are stepping-stone into the industries and are taking the place of men. Now a day's women's are running several business like beauty parlours, switching shops, boutiques, etc.The areas chosen by women are retail trade,  restaurants, hotels, education, cultural,   cleaning insurance and manufacturing. Women entrepreneurs have been making a significant impact in all segments of the economy in Canada, Great Britain, Germany Australia and US. Till the turn of the century, man has enjoyed a dominant position. But change in position technological innovation and modern way of thinking can reduce the disparity between man and women, and bring about equality and equity between them, the need of the hour in women empowerment both through provision of employment and enterprise creation.The Government of India has defined women entrepreneurs based on women participation in equity and employment of a business enterprise. Accordingly, a woman entrepreneur is defined as an enterprise owned and controlled by a woman having a minimum financial interest of 51% of the capital and giving at least 51% of the employment generated in the enterprise to a woman. They have made their mark in business because of the following reasons: * They want to improve their mettle in innovation and competitive jobs. * They want the change to control the balance between their families and responsibility and their business levels. They want new challenges and opportunities for self fulfilment. Role of women as an Entrepreneur's: 1) Imaginative: It refers to the imaginative approach or original ideas with competitive market. Well-planned approach is needed to examine the existing situation and to identify the entrepreneurial opportunities. It further implies that women entrepreneur's have association with knowledgeable people and contracting the right organization offering support and services. 2) Attribute to work hard: Enterprising women have further ability to work hard. The imaginative ideas have to come to a fair play.Hard work is needed to build up an enterprise.. 3) Persistence:  Women entrepreneurs must have an intention to fulfill their dreams. They have to make a dream transferred into an idea enterprise; Studies show that successful women work hard. 4) Ability and desire to take risk  the desire refers to the willingness to take risk and ability to the proficiency in planning making forecast estimates and calculations. 5) Profit earning capacity:  Ã‚  she should have a capacity to get maximum return out of invested capi tal. A Woman entrepreneur has also to perform all the functions involved in establishing an enterprise.These include idea generation, and screening, determination of objectives, project preparation, product analysis, determination of forms of business organization, completion of formal activities,   raising funds,   procuring men machine materials and operations of business. Fredrick Harbiscon, has enumerated the following five functions   of a women entrepreneur's : * Exploration of the prospects of starting a new business enterprise. * Undertaking a risk and handling of economic uncertainties involved in business. * Introduction of innovations, imitations of innovations. * Co ordination, administration and control. Supervision and leadership. In nutshell, women entrepreneur are those women who think of a business enterprise,   initiate it organize and combine the factors of production, operate the enterprise,   undertake risk   and handle economic uncertainties involve d in running a business enterprise The role of women entrepreneur in economic development is inevitable. Nowadays, women enter not only in selected professions but also in professions like trade, industry and engineering. Women are also willing to take up business and contribute to the nation's growth. This role is also eing recognized and steps are being taken to promote women entrepreneurship The concept of Women Entrepreneurs may be defined as women or group of women who initiate, organize and run a business enterprise. Women owned businesses are highly increasing in the economies of almost all countries. Women's empowerment in India is still an illusion. Empowering women entrepreneurs is essential for achieving the goals of sustainable development. The government of India safeguards the interests of women authorizer to bring the effective implementation and utilization of social economic and political status of women in India.In order to face the problems faced by women entrepre neurs, the Government of India launched the scheme Trade Related Entrepreneurship Assistance and Development of Women (TREAD). The main objective of the scheme is to empower women through development of their entrepreneurial skills by eliminating constraints faced by them in their sphere of trade. This assistance is to be provided for self-employment ventures by women pursuing any kind of non-farm activity. Promoting entrepreneurship among women is certainly a shortcut to rapid economic growth and development.A successful woman entrepreneur has the attitude and the inner drive to change her dream and her vision to reality. A successful woman entrepreneur should be given proper empowerment that will increase her success with the society. SOCIAL SCHEMES:Women entrepreneurs have achieved remarkable success. The Micro, Small ; Medium Enterprises Development Organisation (MSME-DO), the various State Small Industries Development Corporations (SSIDCs), the nationalised banks and even NGOs are conducting various programmes including Entrepreneurship Development Programmes (EDPs).To cater to the needs of potential women entrepreneurs, who may not have adequate educational background and skills, MSME-DO has introduced process/product oriented EDPs in areas like TV repairing, printed circuit boards, leather goods, screen printing etc. A special prize to â€Å"Outstanding Women Entrepreneur† of the year is being given to recognise achievements made by and to provide incentives to women entrepreneurs. The Office of DC (MSME) has also opened a Women Cell to provide coordination and assistance to women entrepreneurs facing specific problems. There are also several other schemes of the government like the * Income Generating Scheme implemented by the Department of Women and Child Development, which provides assistance for setting up training-cum-income generating activities for needy women to make them economically independent. * The Small Industries Development Bank o f India (SIDBI) has been implementing two special schemes for women namely Mahila Udyam Nidhi which is an exclusive scheme for providing equity to women entrepreneurs and the Mahila Vikas Nidhi which offers developmental assistance for pursuit of income generating activities to women.The SIDBI has also taken initiative to set up an informal channel for credit needs on soft terms giving special emphasis to women. Over and above this, SIDBI also provides training for credit utilisation as also credit delivery skills for the executives of voluntary organisations working for women. * Grant for setting up a production unit is also available under Socio-Economic Programme of Central Social Welfare Board. |

Human Relations Essay

Child development refers to an individual’s progress from birth to adulthood. There are several changes that occur in a normal person’s life span-physical, cognitive and psychosocial (Fitch, 1999, p. 9). The three form the domains of child development. Physical development refers to the changes that occur in the individual’s body, such as height, weight, sensory and motor abilities, as well as the hormonal changes (p. 9). On the other hand, cognitive development alludes to the intellectual changes that occur as children develop (p. 9). As children grow, they start to develop attitudes about themselves and their surroundings. As they continue to search for their identity, their psychosocial development also unfolds. There are different theories that tackle child development. Stage theories are theories that concentrate on developmental levels that are â€Å"quantitatively different† from other levels (p. 40). Quantitative, in this sense, means that each developmental level is a progression, an integration of previous behavior and information (p. 40). Furthermore, the progression from one stage to another is discontinuous, indicating that it follows a fixed sequence (pp. 40-41). Theorists who subscribe the stage theories of child development believe that all stages are universal (p. 41). There are three major theorists in child development: Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget. Sigmund Freud is considered the â€Å"father of psychoanalysis† (Thornton, 2006). Psychoanalysis is a technique developed by Freud that is used to uncover the unconscious (Morris and Maisto, 2002, p. 15). A medical doctor by profession, Freud was particularly interested in the central nervous system (p. 14). In his life of work, he found that most diseases are psychological in nature, rather than physiological. Thus, he came to the conclusion that human behavior is driven by the unconscious instincts (p. 446). He believed that the unconscious instincts are vital in an individual’s survival. Moreover, he accentuated the importance of sexual instincts as the most important element in personality development. Personality, according to Freud, is developed around three structures: the id, the ego, and the superego (Fitch, 1999, p. 41). The id is guided by the pleasure principles, ego, the reality principle, and superego, the moral principle (p. 41). These structures are crucial in Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, or his perceptive on child development. There are five stages in Freud’s Psychosexual Theory, each stage involving some levels of sexual energy. According to Freud, as children go through each stage, their personality is being developed. However, when a child undergoes traumatic experiences, the sexual energy that should have been at that particular stage may be affected, resulting in what Freud termed as fixation (Larsen and Buss, 2005, p. 47). Fixation may later lead to immaturity and certain personality traits. In the oral stage (birth to 18 months), the infant‘s focus of gratification is the mouth (Morris and Maisto, 2002, p. 448). During this stage, the infant’s id is dominant, especially because the infant has yet to differentiate the self and the environment (Larsen and Buss, 2005, p. 47). The infant obtains oral pleasure by sucking, chewing and biting (Morris and, p. 448). Infants who receive too much pleasure will grow into optimistic adults; those who receive little will turn into hostile adults (p. 448). During the anal stage (18 months to 3 ? ears), the child’s primary source of sexual pleasure is the anus (Morris and Maisto, 2002, p. 448). In this stage, the child’s ego is starting to differentiate from his/ her id and the child starts to establish self-sufficiency (Larsen and Buss, 2005, p. 47). The child starts to learn elimination and he/ she derives sexual pleasure from holding in and expelling feces (p. 448). This is also the time when toilet training begins. Strict toilet training may result in children throwing tantrums, which according to Freud will lead them into self-destructive adults (p. 448). The third stage- phallic stage, occurs after the child reaches three years of age (Morris and Maisto, 2002, p. 448). In this stage, both boys and girls seek pleasure from manipulating their genitals (p. 448). Interestingly, children become sexually attracted to opposite-sex parent (Larsen and Buss, 2005, p. 48). Freud calls this the Oedipus and Electra complex (p. 448). The former refers to the Greek mythological character that kills his father and marries his mother (p. 448). The latter refers to the somewhat possessive love that girls display toward their father while feeling jealous of their mothers (p. 48). The child’s superego is also starting to take control, as the child starts to take notice of his/ her parents’ values as well as that of the society. Fixation in this stage may lead to vanity and egotism in later life. Or it may lead to the opposite, wherein the individual becomes withdrawn, shy and has low self-esteem (p. 448). When the child reaches 6 up until he/she reaches puberty, the child goes into a latency stage. During this period, sexual development is at a standstill (Larsen and Buss, 2002, p. 51). The child loses interest in sexual behavior and instead begins focusing on learning skills that will help him/her become responsible citizens in the society (p. 510. ). At puberty, the child reaches the genital stage. It is during this stage wherein sexual tension builds up. It is a period of sexual maturity. The genital stage is the final stage in sexual development and it is in this stage where adolescents and adults are able to actualize unfilled desires from infancy and childhood (Morris and Maisto, 2002, p. 448). It is the time when mature sexual relationships are established.

buy custom Lee Harvey Oswald essay

buy custom Lee Harvey Oswald essay President John F. Kennedy was killed in Dallas 46 years ago on November 22, 1963 by assassins' bullets. Whenever that awful day comes to memory, Friday, November 22, 1963 for millions of Americans, that was the very first time we had come across the murder of a president. When the smoke cleared a bit finally, and the people saw a bruised, gaunt Oswald in custody, many doubted whether a lone gunman who had fired an old, bolt-action rifle could have been responsible (Fagin, Stephen 18-23). As the Americans tried to digest this while mourning for their fallen president, Jackie, his beautiful wife, and their small children, other appalling events were yet to unfold. There are several reasons to make us believe that only Lee Harvey Os was involved in President Kennedys murder. The Warren commission findings of 1964 came with a conclusion that Oswald acted alone and wasnt part of any conspiracy whether domestic or foreign. There is reliable evidence that the shooting in the assassination of Kennedy was done from a window on sixth floor of the Texas school of Book Depository Building, where Lee Harvey Oswalds rifle was discovered (Piereson, James 45-46). Several eye witness accounts claimed to have seen discharge of smoke from a gun out of a window on the 6th floor of the School brook Depository Building. Evidence that is reliable also shows that no more than three shots were fired at President Kennedys limousine, one of which hit Kennedys head, Another, passed through Kennedys neck and then through the wrist and chest of Governor Connelly, and another missed (Piereson, 45-52). Oswald possessed the correct firearm type(Rodman, Peter 72). According to Warren commission Exhibit 399, a 6.5 mm Mannlicher - carcano bullet, was discoverd on a stretcher in parkland Hospital. The warren Commission confirmed that the said bullet had passed through the bodies of Connelly and Kennedy, shattering Connellys wrist and ribs. Found in the Texas school Depository was a bolt action 6.5 caliber Mannlicher-Carcano rifle, which had a telescopic sight. It was found out that Lee Harvey Oswald was the owner, having ordered by mail order the second war Italian rifle (Rodman 72). FBI tests confirmed that a Mannlicher-Carcano rifle could actually load and re shoot within 2, 3 seconds. The warren commission came to a conclusion that there were possibly three shots and that it was the two hits, not the three shots that came within 5.6 seconds of each other (Rodman 72). The missed shot could have come last, or first, though it most probably came first, meaning that the gunma had more than eight seconds to do the shooting, and more than five seconds which was ample time between the two hits. Even with the miss coming between the two hits, there would still have been 2.8 seconds enough to fire and re-fire- enough time even for an amateur like Oswald used to handling gun. The activation of neuron, ballistics, analysis findings this claim that the supposedly defective riffle had fired the bullet that deposited lead in the wrist of Connelly and also the one that hit Kennedy in the skull. That weapon must have been used by someone very effectively(Baird Shuman 23). Oswald scope together with his training was sufficient enough to carry out the said assassination with no much difficulty. However, critics say of the riffle as one of the worst military weapons in the world. The case for multiple assassins usually consists of three main lines of argument: 1) That there wasnt enough time for one gunman to have done all what Oswald is said to have done. 2) Compelling ear and eye witnesses together with photographic testimony puts a second gunman on this fabled grassy knoll; 3) The evidence found through Kennedys wounds and his bodys reaction to the shots establishes that there was more than one assassin. A lot of the evidence of the multiple shooters conspirators is thoroughly misinterpreted. Considering the issue of timing, there were possibly three shots and that the two hits, not the three shots, came within 5.6 seconds of each other. The missed shot could have come last, or first, though it most probably came first. This means that the gunman had more than eight seconds to do the shooting, and more than five seconds which was ample time between the two hits (Baird 54). However, critics dispute that the scope of Oswald was misaligned to a point that it would haven created a small roomfor mistakes even for a world class sniper of which Oswald wasnt. Were there really shots from the said grassy knoll by another assassin? Allegedly, compelling ear and eye witnesses and the photographic testimony puts another gunman on the fabled grassy knoll. However, the most important ear and eye witnesses Abraham Zapruder together with his secretary were on that knoll, on a three-foot high concrete pedestal overlooking the said scene and directly the whole area behind(U.S. News 56). There is no possible way these two could not have heard the gun shots or seen the two alleged assassins to their right front half way down the third-base line, firing two explosive shots(U.S. News 56). The evidence on the wounds of Kennedy and the reaction on his body to the shoots establishes there being more than one assassin. The original autopsy notes had been destroyed because they had been covered in bodily fluids, but were copied before being destroyed. There are several reports claiming that the body of John F. Kennedy was altered; this is completely not accurate. There are also rumors that claim the doctors that performed his autopsy were not conversant with a gunshot wound which is also not true. Several eye witnesses had seen Lee Harvey Oswald escaping from the Schoolbook Depository Building which is where according to reports; the shots that had killed John F. Kennedy were projected to have come from(Carter, Richard 6). A paper that had been used as a gun carrier was later found near the murder window on the sixth floor, and Oswalds finger prints were found on it. The killer rifle, which fired the bullets and shells were later found on the sixth floor. Oswalds palm and finger prints were found also on the brown bag and the card boxes that are used as a gun prop. Also, the two eye witnesses who had seen the gunman in the window had identified Oswald as the gunman. Oswald had left the building soon after the shooting; he had retrieved a jacket that was light colored and a pistol from his room around 45 minutes after the shooting(Carter 6). In another incident Lee Harvey Oswald was seen shooting J.D. Tippit, a Dallas policeman, in this case in there were twelve eyewitnesses wh o had seen the act(Carter 6). The warren Commission findings of 1964 showed that Oswald had acted alone and wasnt part of any conspiracy was discredited officially by the 1976 House select committee on assassinations, which came with a conclusion in 1979 that there had been a conspiracy in all probability(Rubinstein, William 76). The report of WC has been said to be lacking in time and resources used in their investigations. This has led to the case being relinquished to the higher authorities, the FBI .The moment the WC handed over their rights to FBI the immediate reaction by the public was a dissatisfactory one and a sense of an inconclusive investigation had to be held. To conclude, Oswald; 1) worked in Schoolbook Depository Building which was the only source of shots; 2) owned the one and the only gun used to carry out the assassination; 3) brought the rifle with him the very morning of murder; 4) was at the murder window at the time JKF was shot; 5) left the murder scene soon after the shooting; 6) shot an officer and then forcibly resisted arrest; 7) lied about important matters of fact when being interrogated. a Buy custom Lee Harvey Oswald essay

Quote vs. Quotation, Invite vs. Invitation

Quote vs. Quotation, Invite vs. Invitation Quote vs. Quotation, Invite vs. Invitation Quote vs. Quotation, Invite vs. Invitation By Maeve Maddox One of my college professors insisted that quote is a verb and quotation is a noun and never the twain shall meet. For example, a writer quotes from an author, but the quoted material is a quotation, never â€Å"a quote.† Although I still observe the distinction in my own writing, I have become aware that both the OED and Merriam-Webster recognize the use of quote as a noun. Most English words ending in -tion have French cognates, for example: information, confirmation, and position. Such words came into English in the Middle Ages from French. In M.E. the ending of these French borrowings was spelled -cioun; later the ending came to be spelled -tion in both languages. Through the centuries, many -tion words have lost their endings, and more are in the process of doing so. English words ending in -tion tend to lose the suffix when the first part of the word retains the word’s meaning without it. Here are some shortened -tion nouns that have become accepted into standard English: quote from quotation ID or I.D. from identification insert from insertion Here are some that the OED still labels colloquial or slang: invite from invitation info from information admin from administration prep from preparation promo from promotion (in the sense of publicity) ammo from ammunition NOTE: M-W does not agree with OED on all of the shortened -tion words. For example, while M-W labels the noun invite â€Å"chiefly dialectal,† it admits ammo as a standard word. OED does not have an entry for specs with the meaning specifications, but M-W has. Many speakers cringe when they hear or read invite used as a noun, but the tendency to drop -tion when the rest of the word is sufficiently meaningful without it, is strong in English. I may not like hearing invite used as a noun, but enough speakers use it that way for it to make a comeback. Yes, comeback: 1659  Ã‚   H. LEstrange Alliance Divine Offices 326  Ã‚   Bishop Cranmer..gives him an earnest invite to England. OED documentation. A second tendency with -tion words that I find it difficult to accept with equanimity concerns verbs. The function of the suffix -tion is to change a verb into a noun: examine/examination, locate/location, converse/conversation, interpret/interpretation. Some speakers, however, perhaps because they are not familiar with the underlying verb, create a new verb via back formation. For these speakers, orientation become orientate; interpretation becomes interpretate, and conversation becomes conversate. NOTE: Back-formation is the formation of what looks like a root-word from an already existing word which might be (but is not) a derivative of the former. Of the words I just listed, orientate has become standard in British English, but it is still regarded as nonstandard in American English. Interpretate does appear in the OED, but it is labelled â€Å"rare or obsolete†; the most recent example of its use is dated 1866. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About Legs, Feet, and ToesDoes "Mr" Take a Period?20 Ways to Cry

Halio Education in China and Germany Assignment

Halio Education in China and Germany - Assignment Example However, the decision to come to study in Germany was made by his parents who gave him the chance to graduate from a Germany university. The parents believed that if Halio graduated from the Chinese universities, it would be quite difficult for him to get a guaranteed job. The parents also believed that Halo would be well looked after by his relatives in Germany. China is overpopulated, and the same applies to its graduates making it hard for a graduate to safeguard a job. Halio has the beliefs that the universities in German are difficult to graduate as they offer quality-oriented education, unlike the Chinese universities which offer examination-oriented education. Studying in the Germany universities means studying a foreign language and this calls for more effort in studying. The choice of Germany is a compromise between Helio's parent’s ideas and decisions and those of Halio. Chinese students in German lead a normal life though they have their won a share of challenges. Halio talks of how he regretted his parent’s decision initially due to financial constraints but later came to enjoy it all lot after he got employed and earned his own cash.  Halio has experienced boredom, financial constraints and a lot of pressure which contrasts the situation in China where has was close to his friends and family. He was at the time very fresh in Germany and did not know what to do. The language was also an issue for him as he had to learn a new language. He tells this story as an illustration that his initial adaptation in Germany was not that smooth. The language was quite a problem to him in that he was afraid of talking to people.

Monetary Thoery and Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Monetary Thoery and Policy - Essay Example However, barter had its own complications and lacunas as it sometimes became difficult to exchange two things mutually needed by both of the parties to the transaction. Money emerged out of that necessity. Money by serving as the medium of exchange during the transactions serves both economic as well as social causes. It makes the complicated economic exchanges more convenient and easy to execute besides allowing people to socialize through the ways the do best. (Nash)1 The main objective of money is to arrange transaction between different people and business organizations. The money and incomes are closely related as most of the incomes are obtained in the money hence money is also used to keep the wealth of the persons and nationals. It therefore means that with money: In the early stages of money, the major portion of money possessed by people was consisted of currency and demand deposits however with the passage of time; more substitutes of money became available also. It must also be noted that these different substitutes of money carried the same liquidity like traditional currency however the extent of liquidity varied with respect to the type of substitute. These substitutes included government securities, saving accounts, stocks, bonds etc. though these assets possess the quality of money being the store of value however they are not traditionally being used as medium of exchange. It is because of this reason that they are often termed as IOU or near money. Having served the critical functions and being the core of all the transactions taking place, the demand for money have different dynamics and it is because of this reason that different theories of demand for money have been developed. This essay will explore some of the theories of Demand for Money as a part of the assignment on the Monetary Theory and Policy. Quantity theory of money was presented by the Classical Economists.

Civil society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Civil society - Essay Example Locke however, believes that rights and obligations are the main propellant of problems that civil society faces while working under a given government. Moreover, Locke provided wide analysis on the state of nature in his second treatise which had an impact on the civil government. His work was written in the year 1680, the time of exclusion crisis in England. He believed that the existing men are free to order the prevailing actions as well as disposing persons and their possessions (Edwards, 12-18). This argument was due to the bounds law of nature availed in England and he suggested that the possessions and actions taken could fit well in line with the law. Locke analyses the state of law in a very well understandable way. He maintained that the state of nature has a specific law of nature that governs it and the prevailing law leads to a specific reason. Moreover, his views on the state of nature went against the norms of Christian believes entitling unlike hobbies and dependent philosophy that was not underscoring prior to the theology norms. The first treatise of Locke tried to adventure the norm Anglicans and Protestants and he had a mind to establish and make people understand as to why two treatise governments should be allowed to overthrow monarchy personnel who were there to abuse the trust that had been set to the people believe. Good governance is what people needs. This is only through the provision civil rights based on the nature and labor at large. The problems and challenges that civil society faces as per Locke desire is the dissolution of government which makes governance hard to deliver its manifesto well. The rights and obligations are the main propellant of problems that civil society faces while working under a given government. Locke provided wide analysis on the state of nature in his second treatise which had an impact on the civil government. Other problems are the political society which nurtures inequality due to tribalism and nepo tism among the society groups. Poor governance, lack of democratization process that provides a link between citizens and the state are other problems faced by civil society. However, when a given state provide well established governance, employ democratization process and enhance preservation of the society’s records, then this will help to solve this civil society problems availing as per Locke observation. Drawing primarily on Rousseau and Madison on how existence of political factions threaten and undermine civil society we find that, a lot has to be done to eliminate this aspect. Rousseau proposed a specific subject of argument in his scholarly works suggesting that, man is born free and an aspect of slavery should not be a threatening statue that civil society has to be accounted to. Rousseau challenged the work analyzed by Locke basing his argument on the origin of hobbies. He claimed that taking people away from socialization and forcing them away from their society undermines the rights of civil society. In his writings he suggested that according to the nature people are neither good or bad and therefore modern society should be blamed on blemishing the pure people through threatening their lives. In addition, Rousseau suggested that the level of sovereignty is indivisible and this is a

Climate Change On Food Security Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate Change On Food Security Environmental Sciences Essay Roughly a billion people around the world live their life in constant fear of what to eat at night or how to provide for their familys and humanitys failure to give them better improvement has been one of its most uncontrollable flaws. This research paper talks about the negative effects of climate change on food security. Long term change in the earths climate especially a change due to an increase in the average atmosphere is what we call climate change, and many people are affected by it right now all around the world. Food security is a scenario that prevails when all individuals, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to adequate, safe, and healthy meals that fits their nutritional needs and meals choices for an effective and healthy life, but the negative effect, the adverse external effect changes these situation for people. Climate change has severe significance for food production and availability of food all over the world. Trying to view the overall impac t of climate change on our food can be tough. Constant Changes in the climate change like, drought and floods could pose as a challenge for farmers and fishers. Right now climate change is already having a great influence to the quality and to the quantity of food produced causing it to increase malnourishment. The topic of climate change and food security is a very sensitive issue to touch upon since food is one of the most important parts of our daily life. Imagine a year where there is no rainfall, or a cold weather in a wrong time of year, or even floods, they all can have a great deal of impact on local crop yields and livestock production. However not everyone around us is aware of these issues, therefore this paper informs people to realize that climate change can affect every part of food production like the impact of climate change on food availability. This paper manly focuses to inform people about the changes that climate change can bring to food production and what are the consequences of not being able to produce food. Impacts on Food Production and Availability Joseph Schmidhuber and his associates examined the effect of climate change on food security all around the world. The article reviews the impact of climate change and how it has a big impact on food production and food price. Climate change is most definitely to affect the manufacture of food in several ways. The more known impact of climate change on the volume and quality of food produced is the effect of weather patterns that are constantly changing over time, in addition these changes are varied based mainly on location and the effect might be greater in different populations (Schmidhuber et al., 2007). Worldwide the weather conditions are to become more unreliable than present, with the increase in the rate and asperity of intense events such as cyclones, floods, hailstorms, and droughts. By providing greater changes in crop yield and local food resources and greater threats of landslides and erosion damage, they can adversely affect the balance of foods resources and thus food s security (Schmidhuber et al., 2007). Liliana Hisas (2011) looks at the issues by assessing and collaborating population growth, food development, nutrition and undernourishment, and connecting these factors to climatic change, to measure the effects on food development. Recuperating more area fit for farming production is unlikely. Hisass research has shown that globally the amount of area that is useful for farming will remain the same in 2080 as it is today, because increases in useful land in some regions will be mostly balance by failures in others. It is the other two elements, water and different climate conditions which would most significantly affect food development globally due to climatic changes. The expected effects of climatic change on food development are farming in low-latitude areas, due to reduced water accessibility and adverse water balances; and water resources in mid-latitude and dry low-latitude areas, due to changes in rainfall (Hisas, 2011: 16). Wulf Killmann (2008) investigates in the article paper a wider view and examines the multiple effects that global warming and climatic change could have on food systems and food security. It also explains the adverse effect of not having enough food and not being able to produce food to feed a nation. Greater temperature ranges lead to heat pressure for vegetation, improving sterility and decreasing overall development. Greater temperature ranges also increases water loss from vegetation and dirt, enhancing water supplies while decreasing water accessibility. In many locations, growing seasons are changing, environmental locations are moving, and rain fall is becoming more unforeseen and not reliable both in its time and its volume. This is leading to greater doubt and increased risks for farm owners and potentially deteriorating the value of traditional farming knowledge such as when to plant particular crops (Killmann, et al., 2008). Agriculture is important for food security in two ways, it generates the food people eat and it provides the main earnings for 36 % of the globes total employees. In the intensely booming nations of Japan and the Hawaiian, this share varies from 40 to 50 %, and in sub-Saharan Africa, two-thirds of the working population still earns a living from agriculture. If farming growth in the low-income developing nations of Japan and Africa is seriously affected by global warming, the earnings of huge numbers of the non-urban inadequate will be put at danger and their access to meals uncertainty will be increased. Effects on the food production will impact food supply at the international and regional levels. Worldwide, higher results in in moderate areas could balance out lower results in in exotic areas. However, in many low-income nations with limited financial capacity to trade and high dependency on their own development to cover food requirements, it may not be possible to balance out p roblems in regional supply without increasing dependency on food aid. Effects on all forms of farming development will impact the earnings and access to foods. Manufacturer groups that are less able to deal with climate change, such as the non-urban inadequate in developing nations, risk having their safety and wellbeing composed (Killmann, et al., 2008). To be food secure, a nation, family, or individual needs regular access to adequate food resources. The concept of food stability represents the accessibility and availability to food. Climate uncertainty is an important aspect in a constant food supply. For example, the expected improvement in rate and asperity of intense events such as flooding and droughts can create significant changes in crop and local food resources. In addition, agriculture workers and others who rely on farming earnings in a region where extreme weather activities are increasing would be at high chance of losing their income and, their ability to purchase food (Hisas, 2011: 23). It also will lower the lifestyle conditions of farm owners, fisherman and forest-dependent individuals who are already inferior and food insecure. Hunger and lack of nutrition will increase. Non-urban areas reliant on farming in a weak environment will face an immediate chance of increased crops failing and lack of livestock. Mostly a t danger are individuals living along shorelines, in floodplains, hills, dry areas, and the arctic. In general, the inadequate will be at probability of food uncertainty due to lack of resources and lack of sufficient insurance policy (Killmann, et al., 2008). Climate change will have a great effect on all aspect of food security, like food availability, food stability, and food consumption. The value of the many matter and the overall effect of climate change on food security will be different across areas and over time and, most of all, is identified by the overall position that a country has achieved as the effects of climate change has set in.

Body Image in the Media :: Advertising Papers

How does the media influence our body image? In what forms, does the media influence our perceptions about our body? These were the two questions that I asked myself in order to do the research paper and the panel discussion. In my opinion, I would agree that the media does influence and promote women and men to believe that the culture's standards for body image are ideal. Hence, the phrases, "thin is in" and "the perfect body" are two examples of "eye-catching" headlines that I observed in many women magazines. I learned that the media influences us through television, fashion and health magazines, music videos, film, commercials, and various other advertisements. Sadly, as a result, this repeated exposure, the "thin" ideal, can lead many young girls in triggering eating disorders, depression, low self-esteem, stress, and suicide. After acquiring this relevant information, I decided to focus my research on what type of media influences elementary school children and the adolesc ent teenager. The three central types of media that I found that did indeed influence body image are: Fashion magazines, famous top-models and actresses, and teenage or young adult women in the music industry. According to the Seretean Center for Health Promotion, " the term, "body image" has been coined to describe a person's inner sense of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the physical appearance of her/his body." (From The Wellness Column, April 1, 1996.) In my research, I found that many young girls are dissatisfied with their bodies and many "strive" to look like the "waif-thin" models or actresses one sees on television or in fashion magazines. There was a lot of information and facts on body and image that I found on the Internet. However, one website, Just Think Foundation, supported my belief that the media, magazines in particular, do indeed influence young girls to be "thin" in order to be popular and beautiful in our society. For example, I was in alarmed to learn that "eighty percent of 10-year-old American girls diet; more than five million Americans suffer from eating disorders and ninety percent of those are adolescent and young adult women; the number one magic wis h for young girls age 11-17 is to be thinner; and between elementary and high school, the percentage of girls in the U.S. who are "happy with the way I am" drops from 60% to 29%.

Reducing Death Penalty Costs Essay

Abstract In this paper, I will be evaluating the death penalty in the United States and ways that costs can be cut to make it much more of a viable option. â€Å"Using conservative rough projections, the Commission estimates the annual costs of the present system $137 million per year (California Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice, 2008). What does an individual death row inmate get for millions of tax payers’ dollars you ask? This includes; housing, garments, meals, health care, mental care, pre-trial and trial, unlimited appeals and petitions. I think that the limit for appeals at the state level should be only 3 appeals and 2 at the federal level. If an inmate knew how many state and federal appeals they had before they were done, we wouldn’t see a waste of appeals on frivolous things. This would cut legal costs and free up the courts dockets a little more by not allowing death row inmates to appeal over every little thing. Reducing Death Penalty Costs Although the total accumulated cost of the death penalty sentence does vary from state to state one thing can be said; it is extremely exorbitant. â€Å"Using conservative rough projections, the Commission estimates the annual costs of the present system $137 million per year (California Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice, 2008). What does an individual death row inmate get for millions of tax payers’ dollars you ask? This includes; housing, garments, meals, health care, mental care, pre-trial and trial, unlimited appeals and petitions. Why would a public defender object or his boss for this matter object to getting their bills paid by the tax payers’? There needs to be stricter legal and privilege guidelines for death row inmates and attorneys that defend them. If prison systems would make stricter guidelines and regulations for death row inmates then costs would go down exponentially. There needs to be limitations on how many times a death row inmate can appeal and petition their case. I think that the limit for appeals at the state level should be only 3 appeals and 2 at the federal level. If an inmate knew how many state and federal appeals they had before they were done, we wouldn’t see a waste of appeals on frivolous things. This would cut legal costs and free up the courts dockets a little more by not allowing death row inmates to appeal over every little thing. These continuing moves that are plaguing our legal system which has increased the average duration of their stay on death row. If the number of appeals is not a good solution then only allow appeals that are relative to their case in proving their innocence. Check out the chart and look at the increase in length of death row durations we have seen over the last three decades. [pic](Death Penalty Information Center, 2012). Another way to cut costs for death row inmates is to shorten the time in between sentencing and execution. By limiting the number of appeals a death row inmate is allowed will significantly shorten their wait to be executed. As the graph above shows, in 1984 there were only 74 months wait between sentencing and execution. In the years to follow, the length of time between sentencing and execution grew exponentially to 178 months in 2010. That is almost 15 years for an inmate to accrue legal fees through unlimited appeals that they do not have to pay for. The length of time that U.S. inmates spend on death row has gotten increasingly longer in recent years, and raises questions about the constitutionality of this added punishment (Death Penalty Information Center, 2012). When an individual is sentenced to a death penalty sentence, they are automatically entitled to unlimited appeals and the tax payers are going to pay for this through taxes. The inmates have at their disposal almost u nlimited resources on the tax payer’s dime. In my opinion, if a death row inmate cannot prove their innocence after the allotted 3 state appeals and 2 federal appeals with the financial allotment of $250,000, then the financial responsibility should fall to the inmate and/or their families. We, as citizens, should not be forced to have to pay for these murders to continue to take up the courts time with frivolous appeals. Food expenses also need to be seriously cut down. Death row inmates are eating much better than many of America’s low income families who make minimum wage and are unable to buy food. The average household income in The United States is $51,914 per year (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2012). These people are in prison, not a day spa. In Connecticut, the Department of Correction serves up three meals a day for the bargain-basement price of $2.42 per inmate – roughly what a bag of fries and a Coke will cost you at McDonald’s (Kauffman, 2012). I believe this is still more than these criminals deserve. Below is the link to see a sample menu of what the inmates are being fed at Connecticut Department of Corrections: http://courantblogs.com/investigative-reporting/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Prison-Menu.pdf. Our children do not even get this good of quality of food in schools, why should the inmates. Arizona Sheriff Joe Arpaio, who is reputed to have cut food costs down to 40 cents a day with a strategy that, included serving green surplus bologna to inmates (Kauffman, 2012). Many people share Sheriff Arpaio’s ideology or he wouldn’t keep getting re-elected. The inmates should only get bologna sandwiches and water. They should make their own bread from scratch also to cut down the costs of buying sliced bread. If the inmates want any kind of fresh fruits and vegetables then they must work to earn the right to a garden. The inmates’ families should be responsible for the costs of the seeds and paying for th e water to use on the gardens. Death row inmates should also not be allowed to live in air conditioned facilities. Death row prisoners are served breakfast and dinner in their cells, can usually mingle with others in the outdoor exercise yards while eating their sack lunches, and have exclusive control over the television, CD player or other diversions in their cells (Williams, 2009). â€Å"Death row inmates probably have the most liberal telephone privileges of anyone in state custody,† said Terry Thornton, spokeswoman for the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, explaining that they need ready access to their attorneys and can often make calls from their cells over a phone that can be rolled along the cell-block (Williams, 2009). Those on death row are also allowed more personal property inside their cells, to accommodate their voluminous legal documents without infringing on the 6 cubic feet of snacks and entertainment devices allowed each prisoner, said Lt. Sam Robinson, spokesman for San Quentin (Williams, 2009). They lost that ability when they committed those crime in which caused them to be sentenced to death. They should not be allowed to play games, watch television, have personal radios/CD players, unlimited access to the telephone and the inmates and all calls should be recorded, and they should not be allowed contact visits in private, unlike inmates in other parts of the prison. American prisons should also stop providing free 24 hour health care to their inmates. Make the families of the inmate pay for any services rendered, whether inmates see an on call doctor or go to the emergency room. There is no reason that working taxpayers’ should have to foot yet another outrageous bill for inmates. The average cost of healthcare for a typical American family of four in an employer- sponsored health plan in 2012 is $20,728 (Wells Media Group, Inc., 2012). Death row inmates should not be allowed to receive free health care while hard working Americans are struggling to make ends meet with minimum wages and still trying to be able to afford healthcare for their families. How does this seem fair, you may wonder? Well, it is not where near the category of fair. â€Å"Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996. The Act, which affects both state and federal prisoners, restricts review in federal courts by establishing tighter filing deadlines, limiting the opportunity for evidentiary hearings, and ordinarily allowing only a single habeas corpus filing in federal court. Proponents of the death penalty argue that this streamlining will speed up the death penalty process and significantly reduce its cost, although others fear that quicker, more limited federal review may increase the risk of executing innocent defendants† [(Bohm, 1999 and Schabas, 1997)]. In conclusion, if our prison systems would make stricter guidelines and regulations for death row inmates then costs would go down exponentially. There needs to be stricter legal and privilege guidelines for death row inmates and attorneys that defend them. If prison systems would make stricter guidelines and regulations for death row inmates then costs would go down exponentially. Another way to cut costs for death row inmates is to shorten the time in between sentencing and execution. By limiting the number of appeals a death row inmate is allowed will significantly shorten their wait to be executed. And finally, death row inmates should have all of their luxuries that are not necessities to live. Death row inmates would pray for death to come quicker because there are the bare minimum. References U.S. Department of Commerce. (2012, July 07). State & county quickfacts-usa. Retrieved from http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/00000.html Williams, C. (2009, November 11). Death penalty is considered a boon by some california inmates. Retrieved from http://articles.latimes.com/2009/nov/11/local/me-deathrow11 Death Penalty Information Center. (2012). Time on death row. Retrieved from http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/time-death-row Kauffman, M. (2012, March 1). Stat of the week: What’s it cost to feed an inmate for a day?. Retrieved from http://courantblogs.com/investigative-reporting/stat-of-the-week-whats-it-cost-to-feed-an-inmate-for-a-day/ California Commission on the Fair Administration of Justice. (2008, July 01). Death penalty cost. Retrieved from http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/issues/death-penalty/us-death-penalty-facts/death-penalty-cost Wells Media Group, Inc. (2012, May 15).Healthcare costs for insured american family top $20k in 2012: Milliman. Retrieved from http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2012/05/15/247598.htm

Recruitment, Selection and Onboarding Processes Essay

When assessing the strengths and weaknesses of my company’s recruiting, selecting and onboarding processes, there are definitely good processes and areas that need some significant improvement. As with most companies, they have to deal with a large number of applicants so it is easy to understand why some areas of the hiring process may become neglected. It is perfectly okay to admit there are deficiencies in a process or program as long as steps are taken to rectify the deficient areas in order to enhance the program. First of all, my company does very well in the recruiting and selecting of candidates because they are very critical of their choices. Recruiting is mostly done through employee referral and social networking sites and internet job boards. The requirements are spelled out very clearly online for each position that is listed and the recruiters make sure they select candidates who fit the proper criteria. An initial interview is performed by the recruiter to see if you are a viable candidate and if they believe you have what it takes as well as the proper credentials then they will forward your name and resume to the hiring manager where you will sit through a more thorough interview to determine if you are truly the best candidate for the position. All of this is a very good process to make sure qualified candidates are being brought into the organization; however, once the new hires are brought into the organization there is a serious breakdown in the hiring process and it is with the onboarding. If there is one area where my company desperately needs to make improvements, it is in the onboarding process because there really isn’t much of one. It is essential that every successful organization establish and maintain an effective onboarding program to ensure each new employee is properly welcomed into the organization and feels as if they belong there. Without proper onboarding, new employees can become quickly frustrated because there are many new things to learn in a new job and they aren’t being shown what to do. All too often it is assumed that new employees were hired because they know what they are doing, therefore nobody bothers to show them the ropes. Just because someone has all of the credentials for the position does not mean they understand how the process plays out within a specific organization. I know that when I was hired at my company I was left hung out to dry. Nobody showed me how to do anything for the first couple of weeks and I quickly became frustrated. I had just been hired and I already wanted to quit the position. So what should be done in the onboarding process to make sure each new employee feels a sense of worth and importance? New employees should go through a company orientation that explains all facets of the company and they should also be given a guided tour of where they will be working so they know exactly where all of the essential equipment and personnel are located in order to alleviate much of the newcomer stress. Most of all, new hires should be assigned a sponsor who will assist them while they are making the transition into the company so the new employee knows that if they are having any troubles or need questions answered, there is someone there to assist them. These simple actions will make a new employee feel much less stress and anxiety while transitioning into their new position and it will leave a lasting impression on them which may persuade them to stay on with the company longer than what they probably would if they were just left to fend for themselves. So, the bottom line is this†¦don’t just have a hiring process that has â€Å"some† good aspects to it with some areas needing serious attention. Make sure all the areas (recruiting, selecting and onboarding) are given the proper attention so the program is well-rounded. This will go a long way in retaining employees and giving them a positive attitude about the company they have just been assigned to.

BigChoc, a manufacturer of organic chocolate Essays

BigChoc, a manufacturer of organic chocolate Essays BigChoc, a manufacturer of organic chocolate Essay BigChoc, a manufacturer of organic chocolate Essay BigChoc, a maker of organic cocoa called Delicio, won the gold decoration for the purest organic cocoa at the International Food Fair for the last three old ages. Its European office and mill is located in Balmoral, United Kingdom ( UK ) . BigChoc s caput office is in North America. BigChoc sells Delicio in three EU Member States the UK, Ireland and France and has about 60 % of the market for organic cocoa in each of these states. LArtisan is a little Gallic company that manufactures organic cocoa, which it besides sells in the UK, Ireland and France. It has about 10 % of the market for organic cocoa in these three states. Marta owns a store and cafe merchandising organic green goods in the small town of Balmoral where she sells BigChoc s Delicio and LArtisan s organic cocoa. A month ago BigChoc s gross revenues representative visited her store and told her that she must halt selling LArtisan s cocoa or BigChoc would non provide her anymore. Marta refused and BigChoc sent her a facs imile corroborating that it would non provide her anymore. Marta s concern has suffered as she has ever sold more of BigChoc s Delicio than L’Artisan’s cocoa. Because LArtisan is a little company it does non hold the capableness to provide her with every bit much organic cocoa as she needs. However, she has read an article on LArtisan in the Wall Street Journal, which describes the company s programs for enlargement. CandyCo a Belgian manufacturer of organic bars decides to do organic cocoa bars and to sell them in six EU Member States including the UK, Ireland and France. Its market research reveals that many clients with particular dietetic demands, and pregnant adult females, choose merely those organic merchandises known for holding the purest organic ingredients. However, BigChoc has refused to provide its Delicio cocoa to CandyCo and decides to do organic cocoa bars itself. CandyCo approaches LittleChoc, another manufacturer of all right organic cocoa, which pres ently sells its cocoa in Belgium and the remainder of the EU but non in Ireland, France and the UK. LittleChoc besides refuses to provide CandyCo, which has noticed that LittleChoc s and BigChoc s monetary values for organic cocoa are the same throughout the EU. On a recent vacation in Belgium Marta visits CandyCo s mill store and learns of these events. Advise Marta on the deductions of the actions of BigChoc and LittleChoc under Article 81 and Article 82 EC. In this essay I shall discourse the deductions of the actions of BigChoc and LittleChoc non merely under Article 81 and Article 82 EC, but besides under Chapter I and Chapter II of the Competition Act 1998. These latter commissariats are based upon the several EC Articles, but differ in their geographical range ; we may therefore happen that whilst no damages for Marta can be found through application of Article 81 and Article 82 EC, such damages might be possible under the more limited range of the Chapter I and II prohibitions of the UK’s Competition Act 1998 ; in this manner, any advice given to Martha on the deductions of the actions of BigChoc and LittleChoc would perchance be uncomplete without a treatment of the prohibitions at both the EC and national degree. It is for this ground I have chosen to widen the range of my response in this manner. In order for Martha to seek amendss for her loss of concern, she must be able to reason that she was compelled to do her determination to stop supply with BigChoc i.e. that the harm was non caused through her ain pick to stop supply. She must therefore argue that had she accepted BigChoc’s judicial admission to discontinue trading with LittleChoc, so she would hold been party to an understanding which would hold been in breach of EC Community and UK National Competition statute law. With this in head, allow us analyze whether or non, had Martha agreed to BigChoc’s judicial admissions, to what extent the actions of BigChoc might be deemed to be in dispute of the prohibition commissariats of Article 81 EC and Chapter I of the Competition Act 1998: Both Article 81 EC and Chapter I [ 1 ] apply to understandings between projects which have as their object or consequence the bar, limitation or deformation of competition. Article 81 applies to the bar, limitation or deformation of competition within the common market and the extent to which these projects affect trade between Member States. Chapter I applies to the bar, limitation or deformation of competition within the UK and the extent to which these projects affect trade within the United Kingdom. Before analyzing the facts of the job and trying to place any understandings which might, prima facie, be seen to come within the range of either of these commissariats, allow us foremost examine the Article and Act in closer item in order to set up a more strict choice standard: Article 81 ( 1 ) EC and Section 2 ( 2 ) of the Competition Act 1998 provide a non-exhaustive, but exemplifying list of understandings to which the commissariats apply. The lists contained within each of these several legislative acts are indistinguishable, and are as follows: Those understandings to which these commissariats apply, are those understandings which†¦ â€Å" ( a ) straight or indirectly fix purchase or selling monetary values or any other trading conditions ; ( B ) bound or control production, markets, proficient development or investing ; ( degree Celsius ) portion markets or beginnings of supply ; ( vitamin D ) use dissimilar conditions to tantamount minutess with other trading parties, thereby puting them at a competitory disadvantage ; ( vitamin E ) make the decision of contracts capable to credence by the other parties of auxiliary duties which, by their nature or harmonizing to commercial use, have no connexion with the topic of such contracts.† In the facts of the job we are told that BigChoc s gross revenues representative visited Marta’s store and told her that she must halt selling LArtisan s cocoa or BigChoc would non provide her anymore. Prima facie, this non-consensual ‘arrangement’ between BigChoc and Martha may be seen as impacting trade both between Member States [ 2 ] , and within the United Kingdom [ 3 ] , and as such, we should analyze this agreement under both Article 81 EC and Chapter I of the Competition Act 1998. Article 81 will merely be deemed applicable where the project in inquiry ‘may have caused an appreciable consequence on interstate trade’ ; this phrase has been interpreted loosely by the instance jurisprudence of the European Courts, and as such leading facie we can be confident that such an affect would be deemed to hold been created by the infliction of BigChoc’s ultimatum. Chapter I will merely be applicable where the understanding is, or is intended to be implemented in the UK [ 4 ] ; there is no uncertainty that BigChoc’s proposed understanding was intended to be implemented in the UK, and as such, leading facie, we can stay confident at this phase that Chapter I of the Competition Act 1988 will besides be applicable to this project. A note should be made here in relation to the existent term ‘undertaking’ , as used both by myself above, and besides in the diction of the several EC and National Law commissariats: In the instance of Hofner and Elser v Macrotron [ 1991 ] [ 5 ] , the significance of ‘undertaking’ was held to cover ‘any natural or legal individual engaged in economic activity, irrespective of its legal position and the manner in which it is financed’ . This definition provides no jobs in our chase of a claim against BigChoc under the Article 81 or Chapter I prohibitions. As for whether this agreement is one which might be seen to sufficiently do the bar, limitation or deformation of competition within the common market/UK market, it should be noted that the agreement is really similar to the illustration stipulated in portion ( vitamin E ) of the list of understandings to which the commissariats apply [ 6 ] ; in kernel, BigChoc were renegociating Martha’s supply contract of Delicio cocoa. BigChoc stated that the contract would non be concluded unless Martha agreed to accept a auxiliary duty non to merchandise with BigChoc’s rival L’Artisan ; there is no uncertainty here that this duty is one which, ‘by its nature or harmonizing to commercial use, has no connexion with the topic of the contract, ’ which is the supply of BigChoc’s ware, and nil to make with L’Artisan in any manner whatsoever. The OFT will merely make the determination that BigChoc has infringed Article 81 EC and Chapter I of the Competition Act 1998 if there is â€Å"strong and obliging evidence† to that consequence. This was the wide trial outlined in the instance of NAPP Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited and Subsidiaries v Director General of Fair Trading [ 2002 ] [ 7 ] . The Commission’s Notice on Agreements of Minor Importance [ 8 ] provinces what is non to be considered ‘an appreciable limitation of competition under Article 81 EC’ . Agreements between parties [ projects ] which affect trade as between Member States are non be consider being ‘an appreciable limitation of competition under Article 81 EC’ , where†¦ â€Å"the sum market portion of the parties to the understanding does non transcend 10 per cent on any of the relevant markets affected by the understanding where the understanding is made between viing projects ( i.e. projects which are existent or possible rivals on any of the markets concerned ) , or the market portion of each of the parties to the understanding does non transcend 15 per cent on any of the relevant markets affected by the understanding where the understanding is made between non-competing projects, ( i.e. projects which are neither existent nor possible rivals on any of the markets concerned ) .† [ 9 ] This is non any easy ‘guideline’ to use ; we know that BigChoc are a party to the understanding, but their trade is non being adversely affected by the understanding. LittleChoc are non as such a direct party to the understanding, but in visible radiation of the fact that it is them would endure a loss through the agreement between BigChoc and Martha, it would look important that any trial whose purpose is to determine whether or non the affect of the understanding is an ‘appreciable restriction’ , would concentrate non on the market portion owned by BigChoc, but instead that of the victim company LittleChoc. After all, if the of import characteristic of this appraisal is the portion of the market held by the larger company, so this guideline would in consequence be giving the green light for any larger company to merely set little rivals [ those with a market portion lower than 10 % ] out of concern. LittleChoc’s portion in the UK merely 10 % , and h ence non ‘greater than 10 % ’ as required, but the existent per centum of the ‘relevant markets affected’ is much lower than this, as in consequence it is merely LittleChoc’s concern in Martha’s shop which will be adversely affected by this understanding. It hence seems likely that LittleChoc are excessively little a company to ensue in the understanding in inquiry being deemed in dispute of Article 81 EC or Chapter I of the Competition Act 1998. We are told nevertheless that LittleChoc are be aftering an enlargement, and if this does travel in front, so possibly this point should be revisited in visible radiation of its new market place, and ensuing increased affected portion. There is besides a high opportunity that if BigChoc are trying to enforce such conditions on Martha’s store, so they are besides enforcing this status on other retail mercantile establishments who are selling LittleChoc’s wares. If this was the instance, s o LittleChoc could take an action out against BigChoc for their breach of EC and UK Competition jurisprudence, and at least such an action might non fall down at this hurdle. It should be noted nevertheless that even if LittleChoc’s aggregate market portion which is affected by BigChoc’s behavior was calculated to be above 10 % , this would non needfully intend that the OFT would keep that the consequence on competition is appreciable [ 10 ] . Other relevant factors must be taken into history in this finding, such as the content of the understanding and the construction of the market or markets affected by the understanding, such as entry conditions or the features of the purchasers and the construction of the buyer’s side of the market [ 11 ] . It is of import to observe that none of the exclusions provided for by Article 81 ( 3 ) EC and s9 ( 1 ) of the Competition Act 1998 are truly relevant to our understanding in this inquiry. Let us now address the issue of Article 82 EC and Chapter II of the Competition Act 1998, and set up whether BigChoc’s behavior could be deemed a breach of either of these commissariats: Article 82 EC and Chapter 2 [ 12 ] of the Competition Act 1998 are commissariats designed to forbid one company mistreating its dominant market place. Again the Chapter II proviso is based upon the EC Article, the primary difference being in the geographical range of their protection [ 13 ] : Article 82 EC provides that: Any maltreatment by one or more projects of a dominant place within the common market or in a significant portion of it shall be prohibited as incompatible with the common market in so far as it may impact trade between Member States. The Chapter II prohibition provides that: †¦any behavior on the portion of one or more projects which sums to the maltreatment of a dominant place in a market is prohibited if it may impact trade within the United Kingdom. Let us use these commissariats to the state of affairs in our job inquiry, and see if BigChoc’s forced judicial admission that Martha ceases trading with LittleChoc could be held to be an maltreatment of BigChoc’s dominant market place. The two cardinal phases of the trial are as follows: First we must set up that BigChoc is dominant in the relevant market. Then we must reason and set up that BigChoc is in maltreatment of that dominant place [ 14 ] . In order to set up this, the Office of Fair Trading will carry on a elaborate scrutiny of the market concerned and the effects of BigChoc’s behavior within that market. Let us now conduct an scrutiny of our ain, based on the facts provided in the job inquiry, and ascertain the likeliness of BigChoc being found to be in breach of Article 82 EC and Chapter II of the Competition Act 1998: There is no uncertainty that BigChoc are in a dominant place relation to LittleChoc, with a 60 % UK market compared to a 10 % one. As for whether the behavior of BigChoc is sufficiently opprobrious to represent maltreatment under these commissariats, it should be noted for intents of counsel, that both Article 82 EC and Chapter II of the Competition Act 1998 provide a list of behavior which may represent maltreatment. This list is simply exemplifying, i.e. non thorough, but it gives us some thought of how to use these commissariats [ 15 ] : ( a ) straight or indirectly enforcing unjust purchase or selling monetary values or other unjust trading conditions ; ( B ) modification production, markets or proficient development to the bias of consumers ( degree Celsius ) using dissimilar conditions to tantamount minutess with other trading parties, thereby puting them at a competitory disadvantage ( vitamin D ) doing the decision of contracts capable to credence by the other parties of auxiliary duties which, by their nature or harmonizing to commercial use, have no connexion with the topic of the contracts. The agreement is really similar to the illustration stipulated in portion ( vitamin D ) of the list of behavior to which the commissariats apply ; in kernel, BigChoc were renegociating Martha’s supply contract of Delicio cocoa. BigChoc stated that the contract would non be concluded unless Martha agreed to accept a auxiliary duty non to merchandise with BigChoc’s rival L’Artisan ; there is no uncertainty here that this duty is one which, ‘by its nature or harmonizing to commercial use, has no connexion with the topic of the contract, ’ which is the supply of BigChoc’s ware, and nil to make with the limitation of selling L’Artisan in any manner whatsoever. Whether or non BigChoc can seek limited unsusceptibility on the footing that, as per s40 of the Act, the one-year turnover of the company does non transcend ?50 million is unknown from the facts. This unsusceptibility nevertheless is non available under Article 82 EC, and in visible radiation of the fact that this behavior would about surely, under the broad readings offered by the Community Courts, be deemed incompatible with the common market [ in this instance, impacting trade between Member States France and the UK ] , we can be rather confident that such behavior by BigChoc would be held to be in dispute of Article 82 EC. The effects of this violation would in this instance most likely be in the signifier of a fiscal punishment. When puting the sum of any punishment, the OFT must hold respect to its ‘Guidance as to the appropriate sum of a punishment. [ 16 ] ’ The punishment imposed may be of up to 10 % of the world-wide turnover of BigChoc, flop as expressed above, the concluding determination is up to the OFT, who are, as a consequence of the Modernisation Regulation, in charge of such appraisals [ 17 ] . As for Marta ; she may use to the tribunals as a 3rd party and seek amendss for her loss of concern and besides possibly to seek an order coercing BigChoc to restart her supply, although it is more likely that the OFT would present merely amendss [ 18 ] . We are now faced with a confusing series of facts ; CandyCo a Belgian manufacturer of organic bars decides to do organic cocoa bars and to sell them in six EU Member States including the UK, Ireland and France. Its market research reveals that many clients with particular dietetic demands, and pregnant adult females, choose merely those organic merchandises known for holding the purest organic ingredients. However, BigChoc has refused to provide its Delicio cocoa to CandyCo and decides to do organic cocoa bars itself. CandyCo approaches LittleChoc, another manufacturer of all right organic cocoa, which presently sells its cocoa in Belgium and the remainder of the EU but non in Ireland, France and the UK. LittleChoc besides refuses to provide CandyCo, which has noticed that LittleChoc s and BigChoc s monetary values for organic cocoa are the same throughout the EU. This information, coupled with the fact that we are besides told that there was published an article on LArtisan in the Wall Street Journal, which describes the company s programs for enlargement, might take us to believe that BigChoc and LittleChoc have in someway made an understanding to repair their monetary values. At the clip of the BigChoc nearing Marta nevertheless, from the facts, we can be reasonably certain that such an understanding had non yet occurred, and as such these ulterior facts do non hold a bearing on the decisions reached so far in this essay. However, in light if these initial facts, we might theorize that BigChoc had commenced a wide-spread onslaught on its smaller challenger LittleChoc ; through nearing shops such as Marta’s and giving the proprietors of these shops the same ultimatum, either cease buying from LittleChoc or we will discontinue providing you with BigChoc. Of class, some shops, like Marta’s, would decline to panda to this demand, but it is about certain that the larger shops in the market would gain the importance of keeping supply from the dominant maker, particularly in visible radiation of the fact that BigChoc had won awards for the excellence of its merchandise for the past three old ages. If this was the instance, finally BigChoc could hol d been in a place to coerce LittleChoc into a price-fixing understanding, in return for remotion of these countrywide supply limitations The above is of class a guess, but it is one which, from the facts supplied to us, seems a plausible 1. Let us presume that such monetary value repairing understanding has in fact been made between BigChoc and LittleChoc, and measure its deductions under Article 81 and 82 EC and Chapter I and Chapter II, severally: Having made this appraisal, I will reason by briefly turn toing the same factual state of affairs as if LittleChoc had been forced into this understanding by BigChoc’s maltreatment of its dominant market place, as per my above guess. â€Å"An understanding whose object is straight or indirectly to repair monetary values, or the resale monetary values of any merchandise or service, about constantly infringes Article81 and/or the Chapter I prohibition. [ 19 ] † The ground for this ‘hard-core restriction’ that an understanding or agreement which fixes monetary values between rivals does, by its really nature, restrict competition to an ‘appreciable’ extent ; the monetary values are no longer capable to the natural market forces of healthy and free competition. The assorted ways in which such understandings may purport to curtail monetary values can include the existent repair of a monetary value or the per centum by which monetary values are to be increased, or less straight puting a minimal monetary value [ lower than which such monetary values must non fall ] or set uping an in agreement monetary value scope, outside of which the monetary values must non be set [ 20 ] . In our instance, the monetary values of BigChoc’s and LittleChoc’s merchandises are indistinguishable in value throughout Europe. This suggests that if a monetary value repair understanding has been reached between these two challengers, so it is of the sort which stipulates the exact monetary values by which the merchandises will be sold. In visible radiation of such an understanding, the OFT would enforce fiscal punishments upon the two companies in the order of 10 % of their entire worldwide turnover. This is a maximal punishment, and of class the OFT have discretion available to them to take into history all the relevant fortunes and will put a punishment duty with respect to its ‘Guidance as to the appropriate sum of a punishment. [ 21 ] ’ . BigChoc and LittleChoc could try to hedge such punishment by reasoning that their understanding falls within one of the legal exclusions introduced by the Modernisation Regulation [ 22 ] . In drumhead, the legal exclusion government introduced by this recent ordinance means that even if the understanding in inquiry to the full satisfies the judicial admissions of Article 81 ( 1 ) , and is as such, leading facie, a competitory limitation which should be prohibited, the understanding can still be capable of being deemed valid and enforceable, every bit long as, and for every bit long as, the conditions set out in Article 83 ( 3 ) EC are satisfied. The load of turn outing that these aforementioned conditions are met would lie on BigChoc and LittleChoc, the projects claiming the benefit of Article 83 ( 1 ) EC [ 23 ] . The Competition Act 1998 was amended to be in conformity with this legal exclusion government, and the conditions of exclusion can be found within s9 ( 1 ) of the Act. As with Article 81 ( 3 ) EC, where an understanding comes within the judicial admissions of Article 81 ( 1 ) , and is as such, leading facie, a competitory limitation which should be prohibited, the understanding can still be capable of being deemed valid and enforceable, every bit long as, and for every bit long as, the conditions set out in s9 ( 1 ) of the Competition Act are satisfied. The load of turn outing that these aforementioned conditions are met would likewise prevarication on BigChoc and LittleChoc, the projects claiming the benefit of s9 ( 1 ) in our instance. The conditions in Article 81 ( 3 ) and subdivision 9 ( 1 ) are virtually indistinguishable [ 24 ] . There are four conditions which must all be satisfied in order for BigChoc’s and LittleChoc’s monetary value repairing understanding to be validated and upheld: Article 81 ( 3 ) EC/s9 ( 1 ) of the Act provide that Article 81 ( 1 ) /s9 ( 1 ) is unsuitable in regard of any understanding: which contributes to bettering the production or distribution [ of goods ] or advancing proficient or economic advancement, while leting consumers a just portion of the resulting benefit, and which does non: ( a ) impose on the projects concerned limitations which are non indispensable to the attainment of these aims ; ( B ) afford such projects the possibility of extinguishing competition in regard of a significant portion of the merchandises in inquiry. As stated above, the load of cogent evidence would be upon BigChoc and LittleChoc to explicate an statement for why their understanding does so fulfill the four commissariats above. The could reason that they have fixed their monetary values so that they can non travel above a certain upper limit, and in making so hold contributed to the distribution of goods [ in that more people can now afford the merchandises ] but at the same clip have allowed the consumers a just portion of the resulting benefit [ i.e. lower monetary values ] . They would hold to reason that such an understanding was necessary and indispensable to accomplishing the aim of greater distribution, and that their understanding does non function to extinguish other rival rivals who are non party to the understanding. Whether or non BigChoc and Little Choc are successful will depend upon the existent nature of the understanding, and how good they can reason the above points based upon the existent state of affairs of t he market and the contents of the understanding made, but if they are successful, so their understanding will be deemed valid. If they are unsuccessful, so their understanding will be deemed null [ 25 ] , and as antecedently stated, fiscal punishments may be imposed if the breach of Article 81 and/or Chapter I is shown to hold been committed deliberately or negligently [ 26 ] . BigChoc and LittleChoc should besides be cognizant that no ‘small concern arrangement’ unsusceptibility is available for price-fixing understandings such as the sort in inquiry here [ 27 ] . If CandyCo believes that the ground that both companies rejected their petition for the supply of cocoa is due to some other understanding between them, so they may use to the OFT for an probe into this affair. From the facts, it seems that the ground BigChoc declined the order was due to the fact that BigChoc were themselves interested in doing the bars which CandyCo were be aftering to fabricate, and as such did non desire to assist out their competition. No such ground has been provided for LittleChoc’s grounds for rejection, and as such we can presume that they rejected for different grounds. In this manner, from the facts provided, it does non look probably that an understanding as to who to provide their goods to had been made between LittleChoc and BigChoc. As a concluding point: If LittleChoc had been forced into this understanding by the behavior of BigChoc, so they may avoid the fiscal punishments imposed by the OFT in respects to this price-fixing understanding, should such punishments in fact be ordered. A simple statement of the sort employed earlier in this essay, utilizing the commissariats of Article 82 EC and Chapter II of the Competition Act 1998, to demo that BigChoc had abused its 60 % dominant market place to coerce LittleChoc into a place where the lone economically feasible option was to run into the demands of BigChoc and commit to a price-fixing understanding, would be sufficient to hedge liability ; amendss may even be awarded for LittleChoc’s loss of concern as a consequence of BigChoc’s opprobrious behavior. LittleChoc could trust upon the testimony of store proprietors such as Marta to grounds BigChoc’s anti-competitive behavior. Mention Bibliography â€Å"Commission’s Notice on Agreements of Minor Importance† OJ C368, 22.12.01 Hofner and Elser v Macrotron [ 1991 ] ECR 1-1979 Klimisch Decentralised application of EC competition jurisprudence, [ 1999 ] ELRev 463. NAPP Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited and Subsidiaries v Director General of Fair Trading [ 2002 ] CompAR 13 Office of Fair Trading [ OFT 401a ] : Article 81 and the Chapter I prohibition ; Draft competition jurisprudence guideline for audience April 2004 Office of Fair Trading [ OFT 401b ] : Article 82 and the Chapter II prohibition ; Draft competition jurisprudence guideline for audience April 2004 Office of Fair Trading [ OFT 415 ] : Appraisal of market power ; Understanding Competition Law 2004 Office of Fair Trading [ OFT 423 ] : ‘Guidance as to the appropriate sum of a penalty.’ 2004 â€Å"REFORMING EC COMPETITION PROCEDURES† COM ( 1999 ) 101 finalWhite Paper on Modernisation of the regulations implementing Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty. [ 4ThursdayReport of the Select Committee appointed to see European Union paperss and other affairs associating to the European Union ] Schaub, A. , Modernisation of EC Competition Law: Reform of Regulation 17, Fordham Corporate Law Institute, October 1999. Steiner A ; Woods, Textbook on EC Law ( Oxford University Press, 8th erectile dysfunction )